Which multilateral organisation lifted 3-year ban on import of vegetables from India? ?->(Show Answer!)

1. Which multilateral organisation lifted 3-year ban on import of vegetables from India?

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MCQ-> Answer questions on the basis of information given in the following case. Mohan’s was a popular fast - food joint at Connaught Place, Delhi. Initially Mohan handled his business alone. His sons, Ram and Kishan, joined the business after graduation from college. Ram was entrepreneurial in nature. Subsequently, another branch of Mohan’s was opened in Panipat. Mohan had chosen Ram to head the Panipat branch. Though Ram increased sales in short time, he had stopped using premium quality organic vegetables, the speciality of Mohan’s. Mohan and Kishan were not happy with his way of doing business. Now, the foremost challenge for Mohan was to sort out this issue with Ram. Mohan knew that replacing Ram with Kishan was difficult as Kishan did not want to leave Delhi. However, giving a freehand to Ram might have long term negative consequences. Mohan was confused about the future of course of actions.Mohan sought the help of five consultants, who give the following opinions: I. Organic vegetables might be a big success at Connaught place but awareness about organic vegetables is low among Panipat customers. II. The Connaught place model can be implemented in Panipat provided the business is prepared to face the consequences. III. Many high end restaurants in Panipat use organic vegetables. So, using organic vegetables will not be a differentiating factor. IV. Selling prices of their dishes in Panipat are significantly lower. Using organic vegetables will bring down profits. V. Premium quality org anic vegetables are not easily available in Panipat. Which of the following set of options would support Ram’s argument of not using organic vegetables?....

MCQ->Which multilateral organisation lifted 3-year ban on import of vegetables from India?....

MCQ-> DIRECTIONS for questions 24 to 50: Each of the five passages given below is followed by questions. For each question, choose the best answer.The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was created in the early 1990s as a component of the Uruguay Round negotiation. However, it could have been negotiated as part of the Tokyo Round of the 1970s, since that negotiation was an attempt at a 'constitutional reform' of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Or it could have been put off to the future, as the US government wanted. What factors led to the creation of the WTO in the early 1990s?One factor was the pattern of multilateral bargaining that developed late in the Uruguay Round. Like all complex international agreements, the WTO was a product of a series of trade-offs between principal actors and groups. For the United States, which did not want a new Organisation, the dispute settlement part of the WTO package achieved its longstanding goal of a more effective and more legal dispute settlement system. For the Europeans, who by the 1990s had come to view GATT dispute settlement less in political terms and more as a regime of legal obligations, the WTO package was acceptable as a means to discipline the resort to unilateral measures by the United States. Countries like Canada and other middle and smaller trading partners were attracted by the expansion of a rules-based system and by the symbolic value of a trade Organisation, both of which inherently support the weak against the strong. The developing countries were attracted due to the provisions banning unilateral measures. Finally, and perhaps most important, many countries at the Uruguay Round came to put a higher priority on the export gains than on the import losses that the negotiation would produce, and they came to associate the WTO and a rules-based system with those gains. This reasoning - replicated in many countries - was contained in U.S. Ambassador Kantor's defence of the WTO, and it amounted to a recognition that international trade and its benefits cannot be enjoyed unless trading nations accept the discipline of a negotiated rules-based environment.A second factor in the creation of the WTO was pressure from lawyers and the legal process. The dispute settlement system of the WTO was seen as a victory of legalists over pragmatists but the matter went deeper than that. The GATT, and the WTO, are contract organisations based on rules, and it is inevitable that an Organisation created to further rules will in turn be influenced by the legal process. Robert Hudec has written of the 'momentum of legal development', but what is this precisely? Legal development can be defined as promotion of the technical legal values of consistency, clarity (or, certainty) and effectiveness; these are values that those responsible for administering any legal system will seek to maximise. As it played out in the WTO, consistency meant integrating under one roof the whole lot of separate agreements signed under GATT auspices; clarity meant removing ambiguities about the powers of contracting parties to make certain decisions or to undertake waivers; and effectiveness meant eliminating exceptions arising out of grandfather-rights and resolving defects in dispute settlement procedures and institutional provisions. Concern for these values is inherent in any rules-based system of co-operation, since without these values rules would be meaningless in the first place. Rules, therefore, create their own incentive for fulfilment.The momentum of legal development has occurred in other institutions besides the GATT, most notably in the European Union (EU). Over the past two decades the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has consistently rendered decisions that have expanded incrementally the EU's internal market, in which the doctrine of 'mutual recognition' handed down in the case Cassis de Dijon in 1979 was a key turning point. The Court is now widely recognised as a major player in European integration, even though arguably such a strong role was not originally envisaged in the Treaty of Rome, which initiated the current European Union. One means the Court used to expand integration was the 'teleological method of interpretation', whereby the actions of member states were evaluated against 'the accomplishment of the most elementary community goals set forth in the Preamble to the [Rome] treaty'. The teleological method represents an effort to keep current policies consistent with stated goals, and it is analogous to the effort in GATT to keep contracting party trade practices consistent with stated rules. In both cases legal concerns and procedures are an independent force for further cooperation.In large part the WTO was an exercise in consolidation. In the context of a trade negotiation that created a near- revolutionary expansion of international trade rules, the formation of the WTO was a deeply conservative act needed to ensure that the benefits of the new rules would not be lost. The WTO was all about institutional structure and dispute settlement: these are the concerns of conservatives and not revolutionaries, which is why lawyers and legalists took the lead on these issues. The WTO codified the GATT institutional practice that had developed by custom over three decades, and it incorporated a new dispute settlement system that was necessary to keep both old and new rules from becoming a sham. Both the international structure and the dispute settlement system were necessary to preserve and enhance the integrity of the multilateral trade regime that had been built incrementally from the 1940s to the 1990s.What could be the closest reason why the WTO was not formed in the 1970s?
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MCQ-> Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questionsJagir Singh has sold red onions at a market in south Delhi every day for the past half-century.Perched on an upturned crate wrapped tight against the chill air he offers pyaz a staple for much Indian cooking, for 60 rs a kilo the most he can remember.Business is brisk but most customers pick up only a small handful of onions.That is just as well Wholesale supplies are tight he says and the quality is poor. As India’s economy grows by some 9% a year food prices are soaring In late December the commerce ministry judged that food inflation had reached 18.3% with pricey vegetables mostly to blame.Officials have made some attempts to temper the rise in the past month scrapping import taxes for onions banning their export and ordering low-priced sales at government-run shops. But there is no quick fix Heavy rain in the west of India brought a rotten harvest Vegetables from farther afield-including a politically sensitive delivery from a neighbouring country are costly to move on India crowded pot-holed roads. Few refrigerated lorries and poor logistics mean that much of each harvested is wasted Newspapers allege hoarders are cashing in The biggest problem are structural Food producers hampered by land restrictions archaic retail networks and bad infrastructure fail to meet extra demand from consumers It was estimated in October that a 39% rise in income per person in the previous five years might have created an extra 220 million regular consumer of milk eggs meat and fish Supplies have not kept up with this potential demand The broader inflation rate may be a less eye watering problem than the onions suggest The central bank has lifted interest rates steadily in the past year and is expected to do so again later this month Headline inflation fell to 7.5% in November down by just over a percentage points from October though it is still above the central bank’s forecaste of 5.5% for March.What is responsible for the increased demand of certain food items amongst consumers ?
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MCQ-> Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain word/phrases have been printed in bold to help you to locate them while answering some of the questions.Jagir Singh has sold red onions at a market in south Delhi everyday for the past half-century. Perched on an upturned crate, wrapped tight against the chill air, he offers pyaz, a staple for much Indian cooking, for 60 rupees a kilo, the most he can remember. Business is brisk but most customers pick up only a small handful of onions. That is just as well-wholesale supplies are tight, he says, and the quality is poor. As India’s economy grows by some 9% a year, food prices are soaring. In late December the commerce ministry judged that food inflation had reached 18.3%, with pricey vegetables mostly to blame. Officials have made some attempts to temper the rise in the past month-scrapping import taxes for onions, banning their export and ordering low-prices sales at government-run shops. But there is no quick fix. Heavy rain in the west of India brought a rotten harvest. Vegetables from farther afield-- including a politically sensitive delivery from a neighbouring country--- are costly to move on India’s crowded, potholed roads. Few refrigerated lorries and poor logistics mean that much of each harvest is wasted. Newspapers allege hoarders are ‘’cashing in’’. The biggest problem are structural. Food Producers, hampered by land restrictions, archaic retail networks and bad infrastructure, fail to meet extra demand from consumers. It was estimated in October that a 39% rise in income per person in the previous five years might have created an extra 220 million regular consumers of milk, eggs, meat and fish. Supplies have not kept up with this potential demand. The broader inflation rate may be a less eye-watering problem than the onion suggest. The central bank has lifted interest rates steadily in the past year and is expected to do so again later this month. Headline inflation fell to 7.5% in November, down by just over a percentage point from October, though it is still above the central bank’s forecast of 5.5% for March.What is the responsible for the increased demand amongst consumers for certain food stuff?
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