1. Choose the word which is most opposite in the meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage: DIFFERENTIATED






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MCQ-> Read passage carefully. Answer the questions by selecting the most appropriate option (with reference to the passage). PASSAGE 1We use the word culture quite casually when referring to a variety of thoughts and actions. I would like to begin my attempt to define cultures by a focus on three of its dictionary meanings that I think are significant to our understanding of the general term-culture. We often forget that it's more essential usage is as a verb rather than as a noun, since the noun follows froth the activities involved in the verb. Thus the verb, to culture, means to cultivate. This can include at least three activities: to artificially grow microscopic organisms; to improve and refine the customs, manners and activities of one's life; to give attention to the mind as part of what goes into the making of what we call civilization, or what was thought to be the highest culture. In short, one might argue that culture is the intervention of human effort in refining and redefining that which is natural, but that it gradually takes on other dimensions in the life of the individual, and even more in the interface between the individual and society. When speaking of society, this word also requires defining. Society, it has been said, is what emerges from a network of interactions between people that follow certain agreed upon and perceptible patterns. These arc determined by ideas of status, hierarchy and a sense of community governing the network. They are often, but not invariably, given a direction by those who control the essentials in how a society functions, as for instance, its economic resources, its technology and its value systems. The explanation and justification for who controls these aspects of a society introduces the question of its ideology and often its form. The resulting patterns that can be differentiated from segment to segment of the society are frequently called its cultures. Most early societies register inequalities, The access of their members to wealth and status varies. The idea of equality therefore has many dimensions. All men and women may be said to be equal in the eyes of god, but may at the same time be extremely differentiated in terms of income and social standing, and therefore differentiated in the eyes of men and women. This would not apply to the entire society. There may be times when societies conform to a greater degree of equality, but such times may be temporary. It has been argued that on a pilgrimage, the status of every pilgrim is relatively similar but at the end returns to inequalities. Societies are not static and change their forms and their rules of functioning. Cultures are reflections of these social patterns, so they also change. My attempt in this introduction is to explain how the meaning of a concept such as culture has changed in recent times and has come to include many more facets than it did earlier. What we understand as the markers of culture have gone way beyond what we took them to be a century or two ago. Apart from items of culture, which is the way in which culture as heritage was popularly viewed, there is also the question of the institutions and social codes that determine the pattern of living, and upon which pattern a culture is constructed. Finally, there is the process of socialization into society and culture through education. There is a historical dimension to each of these as culture and history are deeply intertwined. There is also an implicit dialogue between the present and the past reflected in the way in which the readings of the past changed over historical periods. Every. society has its cultures, namely, the patterns of how the people of that society live. In varying degrees this would refer to broad categories that shape life, such as the environment that determines the relationship with the natural world, technology that enables a control over the natural world, political-economy that organizes the larger vision of a society as a community or even as a state, structures of social relations that ensure its networks of functioning, religion that appeals to aspirations and belief, mythology that may get transmuted into literature and philosophy that teases the mind and the imagination with questions. The process of growth is never static therefore there are mutations and changes within the society. There is communication and interaction with other societies through which cultures evolve and mutate. There is also the emergence of subcultures that sometimes take the form of independent and dominant cultures or amoeba-like breakaway to form new cultures. Although cultures coincide with history and historical change, the consciousness of a category such as culture, in the emphatic sense in which the term is popularly used these days, emerges in the eighteenth century in Europe. The ideal was the culture of elite groups, therefore sometimes a distinction is made between what carne to be called 'high culture' that of the elite, and low culture' that of those regarded as not being of the elite, and sometimes described as 'popular'. Historical records of elite cultures in forms such as texts and monuments for instance, received larger patronage and symbolized the patterns of life of dominant groups. They were and are more readily available as heritage than the objects of the socially lower groups in society whose less durable cultural manifestations often do not survive. This also predisposed people to associate culture as essentially that of the elite.What is the central idea of the passage?
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MCQ-> Choose the word which is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage:Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word dejectedly as used in the passage:
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MCQ-> Choose the word which Is most nearly the SAME in meaning to the word printed in bold as used in the passage.Choose the word which is most OPPOSITE in meaning to the word piled as used in the passage.
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MCQ-> Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given below it Certain words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the question.India is rushing headlong towards economic success and modernisation counting on high-tech industries such as information technology and biotechnology to propel the nation to prosperity India’s recent announcement that it would no longer produce unlicensed inexpensive generic pharmaceuticals bowed to the realities of the world Trade Organisation while at the same time challenging the domestic drug industry to compete with the multinational firms. Unfortunately its weak higher education sector constitutes the Achilles’ heel of this strategy. Its systematic disinvestment in higher education in recent years has yielded neither world-class research nor very many highly trained scholars scientists or managers to sustain high-tech development.India’s main competitors-especially China but also Singapore Taiwan and South Korea are investing in large and differentiated higher education systems. They are providing access to a large number of students at the bottom of the academic system while at the same time building some research-based universities that are able to compete with the world’s best institutions. The recent London Times Higher Education Supplement ranking of the world’s top 200 universities included three in China three in Hong Kong three in South Korea One in Taiwan and one in India. These countries are positioning themselves for leadership in the knowledge-based economies of the coming era. There was a time when countries could achieve economic success with cheap labour and low-tech manufacturing, Low wages still help but contemporary large scale development requires a sophisticated and at least partly knowledge-based economy India has chosen that path but will find a major stumbling block in its university system India has significant advantages in the 21st century knowledge race.It has a large higher education sector the third largest in the world in terms of numbers of students after China and the united states It uses english as a primary language of higher education and research It has long acdemic tradition Academic freedom is respected There are a small number of high-quality institutions departments, and centres that can from the basic sector in higher education The fact that the states rather than the central Government exerise major responsibility for higher education creates a rather “cumbersome” but the system allows for a variety of policies and approaches Yet the weaknesses far outweigh the strengths India educates approximately 10 per cent of its young people in higher education compared to more than half in the major industrialised countries and 15 per cent in China Almost all of the world’s academic system “resemble” a pyramid, with a smaller high-quality tier at the top tier.None of its universities occupies a solid position at the top A few of the best unversities have some excellence The University Grants Commission’s recent major support to five universities to build on their recognised strength is a step towards recognising a differentiated academic system and “fostering” excellence These universities combined enro; well under one percent of the student population.Which of the following is TRUE in the context of the passage ?
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MCQ->Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/group of words printed in bold as used in the passage. DIFFERENTIATED....
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