ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

PROTIUM (1H1)

*Mass Number -1
*Ordinary Hydrogen
*Abundant isotope
*Atom having no neutron
*Only one atom having same atomic number and mass number

DEUTERIUM (1H2)

*Mass Number - 2 
*Heavy Hydrogen
*Used for manufacturing Hydrogen bomb
*Deuterium Oxide (D20) is known as heavy water
*It is used as moderator in nuclear reactor 
*Having only one neutron

TRITIUM (1H3)

*Mass Number - 3 
*Simplest radioactive isotope 
*Having two neutrons

HELIUM (He) (Z=2)

*1st noble gas group in the periodic table 
Ans : Helium
*Second lightest element 
Ans : Helium
*The element shows highest thermal conductivity
Ans : Helium
*2nd most abundant element in universe 
Ans : Helium
*Product of nuclear fusion 
Ans : Helium 4 
*Discovered by
Ans : Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer
*Liquid Helium is used as
Ans : Cryogenic refrigerant 
*Preferred for filling the weather balloons and air ships 
*The elements used for the treatment of Asthma
Ans : Helium and Oxygen 
*The elements used in welding are 
Ans : Helium and Argon
*Helium is non-inflammable in nature

LITHIUM (Li) (Z = 3)

*Belonging to the alkali metal 
*The lightest metal 
Ans : Lithium 
*The element which is kept in wax 
Ans : Lithium
*The strongest reducing agent 
Ans : Lithium

BERYLLIUM (Be) (Z = 4)

*Beryllium was found by 
Ans : Louis Nicolas Vauqueli 
*It was isolated by
Ans : Friedrich Wohler and Antoine Bussy
*Naturally occurring compound of Beryllium 
Ans : Emerald

BORON (B) (Z=5)

*The word boron was originated from 
Ans: Borax
*It is a metalloid chemical element
*Compound used for making laboratory apparatus
Ans : Borosilicate glass
*The compound known as inorganic benzene
Ans : Borozene
*The only acid shows the characteristics of alkali
Ans: Boric acid
*The main content of eye drops 
Ans : Boric acid
*The polish used in carom board 
Ans : Boric acid

CARBON (C) (Z=6)

*The element considered as the fundamental element of life
Ans : Carbon
*The element having maximum tendency of catenation (catenation - Self linking property) 
Ans : Carbon
*Carbon atoms covalently bound to other atoms to make organic compounds 
*Carbon has two types of allotropes
(1)Crystalline (eg : diamond, graphite, fullerene, graphine)
(2)Amorphous (eg: coal, charcoal)

GRAPHITE

*Graphite has a layer structure 
*The most stable form of carbon 
Ans : Graphite
*Substance used for making electrodes 
Ans : Graphite
*The substance known as Black lead or Plumbago
Ans : Graphite
*It is a good conductor of heat and electricity
*It is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor

■ DIAMOND

 
* Diamond has tetrahedral structure 
* The hardest natural substance
Ans: Diamond 
* The purest form of carbon 
Ans: Diamond
* The densest form of carbon
Ans: Diamond
* The,substance showing highest light density 
Ans: Diamond
* The medium with lowest speed for light
Ans:Diamond
* The substance used for cutting glass 
Ans: Diamond
*Scale used,to measure the hardness of diamond
Ans: Mohr's scale 
* Hardness of diamond 
Ans: 10 mohr

FULLERENE

*A ball shaped carbon allotrope 
Ans: Fullerene 
*Fullerene members
Ans: C 60, C 70

GRAPHENE

 
*The latest discovered allotrope of Carbon
Ans: Graphene
*The single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagoned shape
Ans : Graphene

CHARCOAL

*An amorphous allotrope of carbon
Ans : Charcoal
*Activated charcoal is used in many applications like gas purification, water purification, airfilters in gas masks etc

Substance - Production Extraction process

*Magnesium-Pidgeon
*Bromine- Dow process
*Nitric acid - Ostwald process
*Noble metals - Cyanide process
*Sulphuric acid - Contact process
*Chlorine gas - Deacon's process
*Sodium  - Down's process
*Hydrogen - Bosch process
*Steel  - Bessemer process
*Ammonia  - Haber process
*Sodium carbonate   - Solvay process
*Sulphur   - Frasch process
*Aluminium    - Hall Heroult process
*Halogens   - Messenger method
*Nitrogen  - Dumas process

NITROGEN (N) (Z=7)

*The most abundant element in the atmosphere
Ans : Nitrogen
*Percent of nitrogen presence atmosphere 
Ans : 78%
*Main content of protein 
Ans : Nitrogen 
*It is discovered by Scotish physician 
Ans : Daniel Rutherford in 1772 
*The gas controls burning 
Ans : Nitrogen

NITROUS OXIDE

*The acid content of acid rain
Ans : Nitrous Oxide
*The compound used as anesthetic
Ans : Nitrogen compound
*Largest single constituent of earth's atmosphere
Ans : Nitrogen compound
*Gas known as laughing gas
Ans : Nitrous Oxide

NITROGEN DIOXIDE

*Gas formed during lightning 
Ans : Nitrogen dioxide
 

EXPLOSIVES AND NITROGEN

*TNT, RDX, Nitroglycerine
Ans : Explosive substances 
*TNT - Tri Nitro Toluene is known as 
Ans : Trotyl
*RDX - Research Department Explosive is known as
Ans : Cyclonite
*Mostly found as compound in nature
*The nitrogen compound used as indelible ink (Voters' ink)
Ans : Silver Nitrate

OXYGEN (O) (Z = 8)

*Oxygen was experimentally prepared by 
Ans : Karl Scheele 
*Oxygen was discovered by 
Ans : Joseph Priestly
*Element nature of oxygen was established by
Ans : Lavoisier 
*Burning is helped by 
Ans : Oxygen
*It is colourless, tasteless and odourless 
*The colour of liquid oxygen is 
Ans : Light blue colour 
*Nature of oxygen
Ans : Paramagnetic
*Most abundant element in earth crust 
Ans : Oxygen
*Number of atoms in Oxygen molecule - 2, Ozone - 3 
*Ozone layer is found in 
Ans : Stratosphere
*The depletion of ozone layer is caused by 
Ans : Chlorofluorocarbon (CFG) 
*Industrial name of CFC 
Ans : Freon

SODIUM (Na) (Z=11)

*Sodium is kept in 
Ans : Kerosene
*Sodium was discovered by 
Ans : Humphry Davy
*The element which regulates blood pressure in human beings 
Ans : Sodium
*Cell used to manufacture sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Ans : Castner Kellner Cell
*Compound used as air purifier cell in submarines
Ans : Sodium peroxide
*Compound which is used as a fixer in photographic film
Ans : Sodium Thio sulphate or Thio 
*The compound used in blood bank 
Ans : Sodium citrate
*The sodium compound used as coolant in atomic reactors
Ans : Liquid sodium
Main sodium compounds are;
(1)Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda)
(2)Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda)

SOFT METALS

 
*Sodium and Potassium are known as 
Ans : Soft metals
*They are highly reactive with 
Ans : Water
*Sodium and Potassium are kept in 
Ans : Kerosene

MAGNESIUM (Mg) (Z=12)

*Element known as 'chemical sun' 
Ans : Magnesium
*The metal present in chloroplast of plants 
Ans : Magnesium
*The Magnesium compound used for dental filling
Ans : Sorel cement
*Magnesium Hydroxide, acts as an antacid is popularly known as
Ans : Milk of Magnesia

ALUMINIUM (Al) (Z=13)

*The most abundant metal in the earth's crust
Ans : Aluminium
*Main ore of Aluminium 
Ans : Bauxite
*Aluminium was isolated for the first time by 
Ans : Hans Oersted
*Manufacturing process of Aluminium 
Ans : Hall Heroult Process
*Simplest way of extraction of aluminium is discovered by
Ans : Charles Martin Hall 
* It is an amphoteric metal 
*The element used in reflecting telescope and CD
Ans : Aluminium
*Compound of Aluminium is seen in 
Ans: Blue colour
*Double sulphate of aluminium is 
Ans : Alum
*The metal shows the characteristics of both acid and alkali 
Ans : Aluminium
*The metal mostly present in clay 
Ans : Aluminium
*The metal used to make cigarette wrapper 
Ans : Aluminium
*The chemical method used for the concentration of bauxite 
Ans : Leaching
*Compound of aluminium used for manufacturing powerful magnet
Ans: Alnico
*Naturally occurring aluminium silicate is
Ans: Mica
*Mica is a bad conductor of electricity and a good conductor of
Ans: Heat

■ LAPIS LAZULI

*Lapis Lazuli is a deep blue stone, used in making ornaments.
*It is a compound of Aluminium

■ ALUM

 
*Used as mordant 
*Used as dyes
*Used for purifying water fire extinguisher

CHEMICAL NAMES 

* Emerald - Beryllium,Aluminium,Silicate
* Sapphire - Aluminium Oxide
* Ruby  - Aluminium Oxide
* Topaz - Aluminium Fluorine Silicate
* Opal - Hydrated Aluminium Dioxide
*Asbestos is otherwise known as 
Ans : Rock Cotton

PHOSPHOROUS (P) (Z=15)

*phosphorous was discovered by
Ans : Hennig Brand 
*"One who carries light" is the meaning of
Ans : Phosphorous
*White phosphorous is kept in 
Ans : Water
*The form of Phosphorous which emits green light on the exposure to atmosphere
Ans : White phosphorous
*White phosphorous burns in atmosphere at
Ans : 30°C
*Red phosphorous is used for making
Ans : Safety matches
*Substance used to make the match sticks
Ans : Red Phosphorous, Potassium Chlorate
*Phosphorous is used in fertilizer industry
*The element which is present in the DNA&RNA of animals is
Ans : Phosphorous
*The element present in the animal bone fertilizer
Ans : Phosphorous
*The number of atoms present in a phosphorous molecule
Ans : 4 (tetra atomic)
*The element having the smell of rotten fish
Ans:Phosphine (PH3)
*The isotope used for the treatment of blood cancer
Ans : Phosphorous-32
*The phosphorous which is illuminated in darkness
Ans : White Phosphorous 
*The product obtained after the heating of White Phosphorous at a high temperature 
Ans : Black Phosphorous 
*The phosphorous used as rat poison 
Ans : Zinc Phosphide

SULPHUR (S) (Z = 16)

Sulphur is a member of 
Ans : Chalcogen family 
*Enemy of copper 
Ans : Sulphur 
*It has no radioactive isotope
*Number of atoms present in sulphur molecule 
Ans : 8
*Acid rain is caused by 
Ans : Sulphur dioxide 
*Sulphide ores are purified by
Ans : Froth Flotation process 
*The process of heating the rubber by adding sulphur
Ans : Vulcanization
*Mixture of Sulphur and Charcoal is known as
Ans : Gun Powder
*Gases which cause fading the colour of silver ornaments
Ans : Hydrogen Sulphide,Sulphur dioxide
*The gas which causes the fading of the colour of Taj Mahal 
Ans : Sulphur dioxide

POTASSIUM (K) (Z = 19)

*Potassium is kept in
Ans : Kerosene
*The elements which are known as soft metals
Ans : Potassium and Sodium
*It is discovered by
Ans : Humphry Davy
*The most abundant metal present in blood
Ans : Potassium
*The metal present in bath soap 
Ans : Potassium
*The compound of potassium used for purifying water
Ans : Potassium Permanganate 
*The ores of potassium are Carnalite, Salt Petre Metal related to the disease arthritis Potassium
*First metal separated by electrolysis 
Ans : Potassium
*Chemical used for organic farming, neutralizing acidic soil
Ans : Potassium Bicarbonate

CALCIUM (Ca) (Z = 20)

*The most abundant metal in the human body
Ans : Calcium
*The compound of calcium used to make bandage, statues is
Ans : Plaster of Paris
*Composition of coral reefs is caused by Calcium carbonate The compound used in tooth paste as polishing agent
Ans : Calcium carbonate
*The most abundant chemical substance in cement 
Ans: Calcium oxide
*Compound which is regulating the setting time of cement 
Ans : Gypsum
*The product obtained after heating the gypsum at 125°C 
Ans : Plaster of Paris
*Compound which is used in the process of manufacturing cement 
Ans : Lime stone
*The product obtained when lime stone is heated
Ans : Quicklime and Carbondioxide
* The permanent hardness of water is caused by
Ans : Calcium Sulphate and Calcium Chloride
* The chemical substances caused for the permanent hardness of water are The sulphates and Chlorides of Calcium and Magnesium 53 The temporary hardness of water is caused by
Ans : Calcium bicarbonate and Magnesium bicarbonate 
* The process used to remove the permanent hardness of water
Ans : Distillation or adding Washing soda
* The process used to remove the temporary hardness of water 
Ans : Heating or adding lime
*When quick lime is mixed with Carbon dioxide it turns into
Ans : Milky colour
*The compound used for producing lime mixture
Ans : Calcium Compound 
*The chemical name of Chalk 
Ans : Calcium Carbonate

TITANIUM (Ti) (Z = 22)

*The whitest element compound ever known is
Ans : Titanium
*Titanium was discovered by
Ans : William Gregor 
*White paints are made using the oxides of 
Ans : Titanium
*The symbol of whiteness 
Ans:Titanium dioxide 
*The metal known as "Metal of future" 
Ans : Titanium
*The metal known as 'wonder metal' 
Ans : Titanium
*The most abundant metal present on the surface of moon 
Ans : Titanium
*Titanium is separated from 
Ans : Ilmenite

CHROMIUM (Cr) (Z =24)

*The scientist who isolated chromium for the first time was
Ans : Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
*The element shows antiferromagnetic property
Ans : Chromium
*The hardest metal
Ans : Chromium
*The word 'Chroma' means
Ans : Colour

MANGANESE (Mn) (Z = 25)

*Manganese was discovered by
Ans : Carl Sheel 
*Manganese was isolated for the first time by
Ans : Johan Gottlieb Gahn
*The fifth most abundant metal in Earth's crust
Ans : Manganese 
*It is too brittle in nature
*The steel which is used for making rails 
Ans : Medium steel
*The steel which is used to make agriculture equipments, wires, poles 
Ans : Mild steel
*The steel which is used to make surgical equipments, spring 
Ans : High Carbon steel

IRON (Fe) (Z=26)

*Latin name of Iron 
Ans : Ferrum 
*Boiling point 
Ans : 3134K 
*Melting point 
Ans : 1811K
*Element present in haemoglobin 
Ans : Iron
*Least pure form of Iron
Ans : Cast Iron
*Steel contains 
Ans : 0.1 to 1.5% of carbon
*Stainless steel contains
Ans : Iron, Chromium, Nickel and Carbon
*Nickel steel contains 
Ans : Iron, Nickel and Carbon
*Purest form of Iron 
Ans : Wrought Iron
*Rust iron is chemically known as 
Ans : Hydrated Iron Oxide 
*Iron with earthly impurities 
Ans : Pig Iron 
*Ores of Iron
Ans : Hematite (Fe203), Magnetite (Fe304), Iron Pyrites (FeS2)
*The ore which is used for making iron for commercial purpose
Ans : Hematite (Fe203)
*The ore which contains large amount of iron
Ans : Magnetite (Fe3O4)
*Industrial production of steel 
Ans : Bessemer process 
*Iron coated with Zinc is called 
Ans : Galvanized Iron 
*Iron coated with Tin is called 
Ans : Tin Plating
*When Iron rusts, its weight 
Ans : Increases
*The reason for the brown colour of soil and rock is the presence of
Ans : Iron Oxide
*Hardening (Quenching) - Mild steel is heated to red hot in high temperature and then cooled suddenly by plunging into oil or cold water
*Tempering - The quenched steel is reheated to a temperature below red hot and cooled slowly 
*Annealing - Hard steel is heated to redness and then allowed to cool slowly. Annealing makes the steel soft

COBALT (Co) (Z =27)

*The element present in Vitamin B12 
Ans : Cobalt
*The scientist discovered Cobalt
Ans : George Brandt 
*The micronutrient for bacteria, algae and fungi
Ans : Cobalt
*The isotope of Cobalt used for the treatment of cancer 
Ans : Cobalt 60
*The substance used in glass to get blue colour
Ans : Cobalt salt 

COPPER (Cu) (Z=29)

*First metal used by man
Ans : Copper
*Latin name of Copper
Ans : Cuprum
*The ores of Copper
Ans : Malachite, Chalcolite 
*The metal prominently found in Panchaloha 
Ans : Copper
*The chemical name of Blue Vitriol 
Ans : Copper Sulphate

ZINC (Zn) (Z = 30)

*The ores of Zinc are
Ans : Calamine and Zinc blende
*Impure Zinc is known as
Ans : Spelter
*The element used in galvanization and in dry cells 
Ans : Zinc
*The element used in the manufacturing of perfumes 
Ans : Zinc
*The element present in insulin and tear drop
Ans : Zinc
*The compound known as 'White Vitriol' 
Ans : Zinc Sulphate
*The elements extracted through the process of distillation
Ans : Zinc and Mercury
*The compound known as Chinese White (Philosopher's Wool)
Ans : Zinc Oxide
*The compound used in talcum powder and face cream
Ans : Zinc Oxide
*The compound of zinc which is used as a filler in rubber
Ans : Zinc Oxide
*The white coloured compounds in paint
Ans : Zinc Oxide

HALOGENS

*The word halogen means
Ans:Salt former
*Halogens are :
?Fluorine (F)   ?Chlorine (Cl)
?Bromine (Br) ? Iodine (I)
?Astatine (At)
Chiorine,Bromine,Iodine-Extracted from Sea Water
*Synthetic Halogen -Astatine
*Pseudo Halogen -Cyanogen (CN2)
*Solid Halogen -Iodine
*Super Halogen -Fluorine

FLUORINE (F) (Z=9)

*The lightest known halogen 
Ans : Fluorine
*The least metallic in nature 
Ans : Fluorine
*The element having highest reactivity or electro-negativity 
Ans : Fluorine
*The most abundant halogen present in earth's crust
Ans : Fluorine (0.08%)
*The disease caused by the deficiency of fluorine
Ans : Fluorosis
*The most abundant halide in earth's crust by weight
Ans : Fluoride
*The compound known as fluorspar 
Ans : Calcium Fluoride