COMPUTER

*The device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically
Ans : Computer
*The term 'computer' is originated from the of
Ans : Latin
*The term computer is originated from the word
Ans : Computerae 
*'Computerae' means
Ans : To compute or calculate 
*The book which used the word 'computer' for the first time
Ans : Yong Mans Gleanings 
*Yong Mans Gleanings was authored by 
Ans : Richard Braithwaite
*The invention which is known as the beginning history of computer 
Ans : Abacus
*Father of computer
Ans : Charles Babbage
*Autobiography of Charles Babbage
Ans : A passage from the life of a philosopher
*Main features of a computer
Ans : Speed, Accuracy, Storage Diligence, Capacity and Versatility
*The digital calculator invented by Blaise language  pascal
Ans : Pascaline (1642)
*The person who invented Tabulator using punched card
Ans : Herman Hollerith
*The company founded by Herman Hollerith
Ans : Tabulator Machine Company
*Tabulator Machine Company was later came to be known as
Ans : IBM (International Business Machine)
*First computer programmer
Ans : Ada Lovelace

ABACUS

*First counting machine 
Ans : Abacus
*Abacus was mainly used for
Ans : Addition and Subtraction 
*Abacus was invented in
Ans : BC 2500
*Abacus was invented by the
Ans : Chinese



*Father of Computer
Ans : Charles Babbage
*The outline of analytical engine was prepared for the first time by 
Ans : Charles Babbage  
*Father of computing age
Ans : Wilhelm Schickard  
*Mechanic calculator was invented by 
Ans : Wilhelm Schickard  
*Father of Computer Science 
Ans : Alan Turing
*Punch Card was invented by 
Ans : Herman Hollerith 
*Father of data processing 
Ans : Herman Hollerith  
*Father of Information Theory 
Ans : Claude Shannon
*Father of electronic digital computer 
Ans : John Vincent  
*Father of internet 
Ans : Vinton Cerf
*Father of information technology in India
Ans : Rajiv Gandhi  
*Father of free software
Ans : Richard Stallman  
*Father of Binary Code
Ans : Eugene Paul Curtis
*Father of personal computer
Ans : Henry Roberts and Philip Don Estridge 
*Father of Super Computer 
Ans : Seymur Cray
*Father of Indian Super Computer 
Ans : Vijay.P.Bhatkar  
*Father of video game 
Ans : Ralph Baer
*Father of artificial intelligence 
Ans : John McCarthy 
*Abacus was invented by the 
Ans : Chinese  
*Father of WWW
Ans : Tim Berners Lee  
*Father of E-mail
Ans : Ray Tomlinson
*Father of Computer Architecture 
Ans : John Von Neumann  
*Father of Compact Disc 
Ans : James T Russell 
*Father of Floppy Disc 
Ans : Alan Shugart  
*Father of Mouse
Ans : Douglas Engelbert  
*Father of barcode reader
Ans : Norman Joseph Woodland

JOHN NAPIER LOGARITHMS

*Logarithms was invented and published by
Ans : John Napier (1614)]
*The device called Napier's bone for mathematical calculation was invented by
Ans : John Napier
*John Napier was born in
Ans : Scotland

DIGITAL CALCULATOR

*Digital calculator was invented by 
Ans : Blaise Pascal
*The first mechanical digital calculator is called
Ans : Pascaline

DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE

*Difference Engine was invented by 
Ans : Charles Babbage (1822)
*In 1832 -1833 Charles Babbage designed 
Ans : Analytical Engine

AUGUSTA ADA

*First computer programmer 
Ans : Augusta Ada
*Personal Assistant of Charles Babbage 
Ans : Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace

PUNCH CARD - HOLLERITH TABULATING MACHINE

*Punch card was developed by 
Ans : Herman Hollerith 
*The machine developed by Herman Hollerith using punch card
Ans : Hollerith Tabulating Machine 
*The electronic tabulating system used in the census process in USA in 1890
Ans : Hollerith Tabulating Machine

FIRST GENERATION

*The language used by the first generation computers
Ans : Machine Languages 
*Vacuum tubes were used as hardware in 
Ans : First Generation Computers 
*Vacuum tubes is also called as 
Ans : Valves

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

Generation Year Component   Computer Models Language 
*First -1940-56 -Vacuum Tubes - UNIAC, ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC-Machine  language 
*Second -1956-63 -Transistors - IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 1620, IBM 1401, IBM 650, IBM 7094 -Assembly language
*Third - 1964 - 71 - IC chips - TDC - 316, IBM 370, IBM 360, PDP - 8 High Level language
*Fourth - 1971-(At Present) - Micro Processor - DEC 10, STAR 1000, CRAY- 1 -VLSI
*Fifth - Present and Future - Artificial Intelligence   -LISP, PROLOG - ULSI



*Vacuum tube was invented by 
Ans : John.A. Fleming
*First generation computer input was given through punched cards and output was displayed on
Ans : Printout
*First generation's operating system allowed only one program to run at a time and a number of jobs were grouped for processing; It was known as
Ans : Batch processing
*UNIAC - Universal Automatic Computer 
*EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
*EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic computer 
*ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator

SECOND GENERATION

*The language used by the second generation computers
Ans : Assembly languages

TRANSISTOR WAS INVENTED BY

*William Shockley
*John Berdeen
*Walter Brattain
*The hardware used by the second generation of computers 
Ans : Transistors
*Second generation computers also used punched card for input and print out for output

THIRD GENERATION

*The hardware used by the third generation computer
Ans : IC Chip (Integrated Circuit)
*Integrated Circuit was invented by 
Ans : Jack Kilby
*The language used by the 3rd generation computers
Ans : High level languages 
*Third generation of computer is also known as
Ans : LSI (Large Scale Integration) 
*Third generation computers interface with an 
Ans : Operating system
*Key boards and monitors were used for the first time in
Ans : Third Generation Computer

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER

*The hardware used in the fourth generation computer
Ans : Microprocessor chip
*In Microprocessor thousands of Integrated circuits were built into a single silicon chip
*Fourth generation computer technology is known as 
Ans : VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
*Graphical User Interface (GUI)was used in the 
Ans : Fourth Generation Computers

FIFTH GENERATION

*Fifth generation Computing device was based on
Ans : Artificial Intelligence 
*Father of Artificial Intelligence 
Ans : John McCarthy
*Fifth generation computer technology is known as
Ans : ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration)

DATA BASE HIERARCHY

Bit- Byte - Field - Record - File - Data

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

I.Analog Computers
II.Digital Computers
III.Hybrid Computers

DATA PROCESSING

*A set of actions performed by the computer to convert data into information is called
Data processing
*Data -> Information -> File Folder -> Directory -> Programme

DATA

*Collection of facts and figures in unorganised form is known as
Ans : Data
*The word data is originated from the Latin word
Ans : Datum

INFORMATION

* The processed data which gives meaningful results is called
Ans : Information

FILE

collection of data is called 
Ans : files

FOLDER

*Collection of files is known as 
Ans : Folder

DIRECTORY

*Collection of folder is called
Ans : Directory
*A directory within a directory is called
Ans : Sub directory

PROGRAMME

*A set of commands to computer is called
Ans : Programme

DATA BASE

*An organised collection of data is called 
Ans : Database
*A collection of related information or data or  records is called
Ans : Database

DBMS - DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

*A system software for creating and managing database ia called
Ans : DBMS

 I. ANALOG COMPUTERS

*The computers used to process analog signals that vary continuously
Ans : Analog Computers
*The computers which are used by Scientists, mostly for simulation
Ans : Analog Computers
*Examples of analog computer
Ans : Seismograph, Speedometer

II. DIGITAL COMPUTER

*Most commonly used type of computer
Ans : Digital Computer
*The computer used to process information with quantities using digits/numbers
Ans : Digital Computer
*The number system used to represent ail type of data
Ans : Binary number system
*Digital computer are more accurate than analog computer

III. HYBRID COMPUTERS

*The type of computer mainly used for specialised tasks
Ans : Hybrid computers
*The type of computer which exhibit the features of analog computers and digital computers
Ans : Hybrid computers
*The computing system that combines both digital and analog components
Ans : Hybrid computers
*Type of computers mostly used in hospitals
Ans : Hybrid computers
*Examples of Hybrid computer
Ans : ECG and EEG

COMPUTERS BASED ON CONFIGURATION

1.Super Computer
2.Mainframe Computer
3.Mini Computer
4.Micro Computer

1. SUPER COMPUTER

*The most powerful and fastest computers are
Ans : Super computers
*Father of super Computer 
Ans : Seymour Cray
*World's fastest Super Computer
Ans : Sunway Taihulight (China)
*India's fastest Super computer
Ans : PARAM YUVA - II
*Speed of Super Computer is measured as FLOPS (Floating Point Operations per  second )
*Sunway Taihu Light
Ans : 93 peta FLOPS
*Tianhe-2
Ans : 33.86 Peta FLOPS
*Param Yuva 2
Ans : 529.4 Tera FLOPS

2.MAINFRAME COMPUTER

*The computers which are capable of processing data at very high speed
Ans : Mainframe computer
*The mainframe computer is colloquially referred as
Ans : Big iron
*The computer used for large scale computing purposes
Ans : Mainframe computer 
*The computer designed to handle very high volume of input and output
Ans : Mainframe computer

3.MINICOMPUTERS

*Minicomputers were developed in the mid of
Ans : 1960s
*A computer of medium power more than a micro computer but less than a mainframe computer
Ans : Minicomputer

4.MICROCOMPUTERS

*Microcomputer uses a microprocessor as it
Ans : CPU
*The term Microcomputer was first used by
Ans : Isaac Asimov
*Isaac Asimov used the term microcomputer in his story
Ans : The Dying Night
*The type of computer mainly used for individual use
Ans : Microcomputer
*First microcomputer was made by
Ans : Sord Computer Corporation (Japan)

LIST OF INPUT DEVICE

*Any data or instruction that is used computer is called
Ans : Input
*The device which allows communication between the user and computer 
Ans : Input device

KEY BOARD

* Primary input device of a computer 
Ans : Key board
*Number of keys contains in a standard Keyboard
Ans : 104 to 108 keys
*The longest key in the keyboard
Ans : Space Bar
*The keyboard layout was designed by
Ans : Christopher.L. Sholes (1872)
*The keyboard layout designed by Christopher Sholes is known as
Ans : QWERTY
*Key place at the top left corner of the key board
Ans : Escape Key (ESC)

■ SPECIAL KEYS IN A KEY BOARD

*Modifier keys : Control, Shift, Alt 
*Toggle Keys : Capslock and Number lock key 
*Function Keys : FI to F12
*Navigation Keys: Four Arrow Keys, Page up, Page down; Home, End
* Standard which is used to convert a keystroke to its corresponding bit
ASCII (It has 256 characters) 
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange

MOUSE

*The pointing device used in a computer
Ans : Mouse
*Mouse was invented by
Ans : Douglas Carl Engelbart
*Mouse can be used to control the position of the
Ans : Cursor on screen
*The blinking symbol which indicates the next position of the character is called
Ans : Cursor
*The unit which is used to represent the speed of a mouse
Ans : Mickey
*The company that developed mouse
Ans : Xerox PARC
*The pointing device used in laptop computer
Ans : Touch pad
*A small figure which depicts some applications on the screen is called
Ans : Icon

SCANNER

*The device used to convert the data and image on paper into the digital form
Ans : Scanner
*First digital scanner was invented by
Ans : SRudolf Hell
*Flatbed Scanner was invented by 
Ans : Ray Kurzweil

JOYSTICK

*Joy stick is an example of 
Ans : Graphical pointing device 
*The device used as an input primarily for playing video games and controlling robots etc.
Ans : Joy stick

TRACK BALL

*Track ball is a popular pointing device for Ans : Portable computers 
*Track ball is used instead of a 
Ans : Mouse
*Track ball is an example for
Ans : Stationary pointing device

LIGHT PEN

*A pointing device which is similar to a pen 
Ans : Light Pen
*Light pen was designed by
Ans : Peter Vogel and Kim Ryrie 
*The pointing device which utilizes a light - sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen
Ans : Light pen

WEB CAM

*The video camera that can be connected to a computer
Ans : Webcam
*The camera attached to computers and can be used for, video conferencing or online chatting
Ans : Webcam

BARCODE READER

*An input device used for reading printed bar codes available on products to be sold
Ans : Barcode Reader 
*Bar code Reader reflects a barcode image by
Ans : Emitting a beam of light
*Bar code reader identifies a bar code image and converts it into an
Ans : Alphanumeric value 
*Father of barcode reader
Ans : Norman Joseph Woodland

MICROPHONE

*The input device used to input sound to the computer
Ans : Microphone
*The device used for various applications like adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music
Ans : Microphone

LIST OF OUTPUT UNITS

*The processed results is given to the user through
Ans : Output unit
*The device which gives the processed information
Ans : Output device

MONITOR

Ans : Monitor
*Monitor is commonly called
Ans : Visual Display Unit (VDU) 
*Monitor forms images from tiny dots called 
Ans : Pixels
*The resolution of the monitor depends upon the number of 
Ans : Pixels

MOST COMMON TYPES OF MONITORS ARE

 *CRT (Cathode - Ray Tube)
 *LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
 *LED (Light Emitting Diode)
 *Plasma Panel

PRINTER

*The device used to print documents on paper
Ans : Printer
*Printers are output devices that produce a 
Ans : Hard copy of an output 
*Printed copy of a document is known as 
Ans : Hard copy
*Non printed copy of a document is known as 
Ans : Soft copy
*Printer resolution is specified in 
Ans : Dots Per Inch (DPI)
*Printers are of two types:
Ans : Impact printers Non impact printers

IMPACT PRINTERS

*The class of printers that work by banging a head or needle against ink ribbon to make a mark on the paper 
Ans : Impact printer 

EXAMPLES OF IMPACT PRINTERS

 
* Daisy Wheel Printer
*Dotmatrix Printer
*Line Printer
*Drum Printer
*Chain printer
*Character Printer

NON IMPACT PRINTERS

*Printer used to print the characters without using ribbon
Ans : NON Impact printers

 EXAMPLES OF NON IMPACT PRINTERS 

*Laser Printer
*Inkjet Printer 
*Thermal printer

PLOTTER

*Type of printer used for printing vector graphics 
Ans : Plotter
*Type of printer used to print design of ships and machines, plans for buildings etc.
Ans : Plotter

SPEAKER

*Speaker is a voice output device

INPUT

     

OUTPUT

     

INPUT AND OUTPUT

*Keyboard -Monitor -Modem
*Joystick -Plotter -FAX
*Scanner -Printer -Touch Screen
*Mouse -Speaker -Network Devices
*Light Pen-Headphone-Headset
*Track ball-Projector - Sound Card
*Digitizer
*Microphone
*Touchpad
*Stylus
*Bar code Reader

MEMORY UNIT

*Data and instructions are stored in 
Ans : Memory unit 
*Two types of memory
Ans : Primary Memory ,Secondary Memory

PRIMARY MEMORY

*Primary Memory is also known as 
Ans : Main Memory 
*The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU
Ans : Primary Memory 
*Primary Memory is classified into two types 
Ans : RAM and ROM 

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

*RAM is a temporary memory
*RAM is a volatile memory
*RAM is also known as
Ans : Read/Write Memory
*RAM is located on the Mother board of Computer
*Two types of RAM
Ans : DRAM (Dynamic RAM),SRAM (Static RAM)

ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

*Read only memory is a permanent memory
*ROM is a non-volatile memory
*Firmware is stored in
Ans : ROM
*The memory does not lose its content when power is switched off
Ans : ROM
*The memory which has only read capability and no write capability
Ans : ROM
*The memory which has data and instructions written to it only one time
Ans : ROM

VARIOUS TYPES OF ROM

*PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)
*MROM (Mask Read only Memory)
*EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read only Memory)
*EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory)

PROM

*Type of a read only memory that can be modified only once by a user
Ans : PROM
*PROM was first developed by
Ans : Wen Tsing Chow (1956)
*Type of memory that can be programmed only once and is not erasable
Ans : PROM
*Type of memory which is known as one time programmable device
Ans : PROM

MROM

*Type of memory which is a preprogrammed set of data or instructions 
Ans : MROM
*MROM is an inexpensive ROM

EPROM

*Type of memory that can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly 
Ans : EPROM
*The EPROM can be erased by using 
Ans : Ultra - violet light 
*EPROM is also known as
Ans : Ultra - violet erasable programmable ROM 
*EPROM was invented by 
Ans : Dov Frohman

EEPROM

*Type of memory that can be programmed and erased electrically 
Ans : EEPROM
*EEPROM was developed by 
Ans : George Perlegos
*The memory in EEPROM can be erased by using
Ans : Electrical signals
 

CACHE MEMORY

*A very high speed memory placed in between RAM and CPU 
Ans : Cache Memory
*Cache memory increases the speed of 
Ans : Processing 
*Cache is a memory that a CPU can access more quickly than regular
Ans : RAM
*The technique of transferring a copy of data from main memory to a cache memory is called
Ans : Mapping
 

FLASH MEMORY

*Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip made of
Ans : EEPROM
Eg:  Memory cards 
*USB Flash drive

REGISTER

*The temporary storage area in CPU
Ans : Register
*All data must be represented in register before it is processed
*The power and speed of a CPU is determined by
Ans : Number of Registers

BUFFER

*The temporary physical storage used to hold data during execution of process from one place to another
Ans : Buffer
*Buffer is a storage area in 
Ans : RAM

ADDRESS

*A. unique identification of a location memory is called
Ans : Address

BUS

*A communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers is called
Ans : BUS
*All buses consist of two parts namely 
Ans : Address bus and Data bus 
*The bus that is used to specify a physical address.
Ans : Address bus
*The collection or a sequence of a signal line that are responsible for carrying data from one place to another in a computer 
Ans : Data bus

SECONDARY MEMORY

*Secondary Memory is also known as 
Ans : Auxiliary Memory or External Memory
*The memory which stores data permanently
Ans : Secondary memory
eg: Magnetic tape 
*Floppy Disc 
*Hard Disc 
*Optical Disc 
*DVD

HARD DISK

*The device used to store permanently and retrieve information 
Ans : Hard Disk
*Hard disk is divided into two namely 
Ans : Tracks and Sectors 
*The activity of creating sectors and tracks on a hard disk is known as 
Ans : Formatting
*The device generally contains six platters stacked on one another 
Ans : Hard disk
*Each platter in hard disk is divided into concentric circles called 
Ans : Tracks
*Each track is subdivided into 
Ans : Sectors
*Speed of hard disk is measured in 
Ans : RPM (Revolution per Minute)
*The normal size of a hard drive sector is 
Ans : 512 bites

■ FLOPPY DISK

* Floppy disk was discovered by
Ans : Alan Shugart
* Size of floppy disk
Ans : 3.5 inch, 5.25 inch, 8 inch 
*Storage capacity of floppy disk
Ans : 1.44MB
* The part of the computer where floppy disks are inserted
Ans : Floppy disk drive

OPTICAL DISK

*Compact Disk was discovered by 
Ans : James.T. Russell 
*An example for digital optical disk 
Ans : CD
*Storage capacity of a CD 
Ans : 650 to 750 MB
*Diameter of a CD 
Ans : 12cm 
*DVD is
Ans : Digital Versatile Disk 
*Storage capacity of a DVD 
Ans : 4.7GB
*Three type of CDs -
Ans : CD - ROM, CD - R, CD - RW 
*CD-ROM
Ans : Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
*Data is recorded permanently on the surface of the optical disk by using 
Ans : Laser
*The contents in CD-ROM cannot be changed or erased
*CD-R
Ans : Compact Disk - Recordable 
*Data once stored in CD-R cannot be erased 
*CD-RW
Ans : Compact Disk - Rewritable 
*The type of CD which is used to write data multiple times by the use of format feature
Ans : CD-RW

■ BLUE RAY DISK

*A data storage device designed to replace the DVD format
Ans : Blue Ray Disk
*An optical disk storage medium designed mainly for storing HD video resolution format
Ans : Blue Ray Disk
*Storage capacity of a Blue ray disk
Ans : 25 GB

USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)

*USB Flash Drive is also known as 
Ans : Pen Drive
*The device which is smaller, faster, having more capacity, more durability and reliability than a CD 
Ans : USB

MEMORY MEASUREMENT

*The smallest memory measurement unit
Ans : Bit
*The highest memory unit
Ans : Geop Byte

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Four types of Number System:
1.Binary Number system
2.Decimal Number system
3.Octal Number system
4.Hexadecimal Number system

1. BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

*The number system used by every computer
Ans : Binary Number system
*Binary Number system is also known as
 Ans : Base 2 Number system 
*Binary Number consists of only 
ans : 0's and 1's 
*Digit '1' represents 
Ans : On state 
*Digit 'O' represents 
Ans : Off state
*Binary Number system was discovered by
Ans : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
*1 Bit : Binary Digit (0,1) 
* 4 Bit : 1 Nibble 1
*8 Bit : 1 Byte
* 1024 Byte : 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
*1024 KB : 1 MB (Mega Byte)
*1024 GB : 1 TB (Terra Byte)
*1024 TB : 1 PB (Peta Byte)
* 1024 PB : 1EB (Exa Byte)
*1024 EB : 1 ZB (Zetta Byte)
*1024 ZB : 1 YB (Yotta Byte)
*1024 YB : 1 BB (Bronto Byte) 
*1024 BB 1GB & (Geop Byte)

SEQUENTIAL ACCESS    DIRECT ACCESS DIRECT AND SEQUENTIAL

*Magnetic Tape - Hard Disk          CD
*Magnetic Cassette - USB             DVD

ADDITION NUMBER OF BINARY NUMBER

1=1
2=10  
3= 11
4 =100
5=101
6 = 110
7 = 111
8= 1000
9 = 1001

ONE'S COMPLEMENT

*The number founded by changing all 1's to 0's and all 0's to 1's 
Ans : 1's complement
eg : Find the 1's complement of 01001 1's complement of 01001= 10110

TWO'S COMPLEMENT

*The binary number obtained by adding 1 to 1's complement of the Number 
Ans : 2's complement
eg: Find the 2's complement of 10110 
*1's complement of 10110 = 01001 
Adding 1 to 01001 
01001
1
01010
1
*2's complement = 01010

2.DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

*Decimal Number system is also known as 
Ans : Base 10 system or Positional number system
*Decimal number system consists of
Ans : Ten digits from 0 to 9

3.OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

*Octal Number system is also known as 
Ans : Base 8 number system 
*Octal Number system contains eight digits 
Ans : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

OCTAL TO DECIMAL

*Multiply each digit by power of 8 
Question: Convert (50)8 to Decimal: 
Ans :  (50)8 = 0 x 8°  5 x 8
= 0  40 
= (40)10

4.HEXA DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

*Hexa decimal number system is also known as
Ans : Base 16 number system 
*Hexa decimal number system contains 
Ans : Ten digits and 6 characters (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) 
*0 - 9 represents the values 
Ans : Zero to nine
*A - F represents the values of 
Ans : 10 to 15

HEXA DECIMAL TO DECIMAL

*Multiply each digit by power of 16 and add together
eg : (2F)16 = 15 x 16°  2 x 161 
= 15  32 = (47) 10

■DECIMAL TO BINARY

Question: Convert 50 to binary
2/ 50 - 0 
2/25 - 1 
2/12 - 0 
2/6 - 0
2/3 - 1    
Ans :  110010

■BINARY TO DECIMAL

Question: Convert 110010 to binary: 
Ans: Multiply each digit by its weighted position (Power of 2) and add together  
(110010),2
5 4 3 2 1 0
110010
0 2°  1 21  0 22  0 23 1 24  1 250  2  0  0 16  32 2 16 32 = 50

DATA REPRESENTATION CODE USED IN COMPUTER

ASCII

*ASCII stands for
Ans : American Standard Code for Information Interchange
*ASCII characters are represented by
Ans : 7bits
*The unique code give to each key on the keyboard
Ans : ASCII
*ASCII code are
Ans : 128 ASCII characters
*ASCII for characters A to Z is
Ans : 65 to 95 (A = 65,B=66...)
*ASCII for character a to z is
Ans : 97 - 122 (a = 97,b = 98...)

BCD

*BCD stands for
Ans :  Binary coded Decimal
*Binary coded Decimal number express each decimal digits as
Ans : 4bits
eg : 537
5 - 0101
3- 0011
7 - 0111

EBCDIC

*EBCDIC stands for
Ans : Extended Binary Cided Decimal Interchange Code
*In EBCDIC characters are represented using
Ans : 8bit or a byte(256 characters represented)

UNICODE

*The code uses 16 bits to represent a symbol in the data
Ans : UNICODE
*The code which represents any non - English character scientific symbol in any language
Ans : UNICODE

COMPUTER SOFTWARE 

SOFTWARE

*A set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function
Ans : Software
*Software is an interface between user and
Ans : Computer
*Software is divided into two types:
1.System software
2.Application software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

*A collection of programs designed to operate and control a computer system
Ans : System Software
*The type of software which saves as the Interface between hardware and the end users
Ans : System Software eg:Operating System, Compiler,
Interpreter, Assemblers

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

*A set of programs which controls the overall operations of a computer
Ans : Operating system
*The software which provides interface between the computer hardware and the user
Ans : Operating System
*Windows Operating system was developed by
Ans : Microsoft
*Founder of Microsoft
Ans : Bill Gates and Paul Allen (1975)
*Linux operating system was developed by 
Ans : Linus Bendict Torvalds 
*First fully support 64 bit operating system 
Ans : Linux
*Apple computer was founded by
Ans : Steve jobs and Steve Wozniak (1976)
*Operating system developed by Apple
Ans : Mac OS/ Macintosh (Mavericks, Mountain Lion, Leopard, Snow leopared are the version of Mac OS)
*Unix operating system was developed by
Ans : Dennis Ritchi and Ken Thompson
*Operating system in which assembly language was first used
Ans : UNIX

MICROSOFT OPERATING

*MS-DOS * Windows 95
*Windows 2000 * Windows 2003
*Windows 7 * Windows 8
*Windows 3.X * Windows 98
*Windows CE * Windows ME
*Windows NT * Windows Vista
*Windows XP * Windows 10

LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

*Ubuntu * Debian
*Mageia * Fedora
*PC LinuxOS * Manjaro
*Linux Mint

ANDROID SYSTEMS

     

OPERATING

*Android 1.0                        -Alpha
*Android 1.1                       -Beta
*Android 1.5                       -Cupcake
*Android 2.1                       -Donut
*Android 2.2                       -Eclair
*Android 2.3                       -Froyo
*Android 3.0/3.1/3.2            -Honey Bread
*Android 4.0                       -Ice cream sandwich
*Android 4.1                       -Jelly Bean
*Android 4.4                       -Kitkat
*Android 5.0                       -Lollipop
*Android 6.0                       -Marshmallow
*Android 7.0                        -Nought

COMPILER

*The software which is used to convert source code written in a high level programming language directly into machine language 
Ans : Compiler
*Compiler is an example for
Ans : Translator
*Compiler takes entire programme as 
Ans : Input 
*Example
Ans : C Compiler

INTERPRETER

*Software used to convert source code written in a high level programming language into machine language line by line
Ans : Interpreter
*Major advantage of an interpreter
Ans : Finding errors in a programme
*Interpreter takes single instruction at a time as input and convert into machine language
*Example
Ans : BASIC

ASSEMBLER

*Software used to convert the assembly language into machine language
Ans : Assembler
*Assembly language is a low level programming language for a computer
 

UTILITY SOFTWARE

*A set of system programs used to perform standard computer operations 
Ans : Utility software 
eg: sorting, deleting, copying files, password protections

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

*A software used to perform a specific task 
Ans : Application software 
*Application software are two types 
Ans : General purpose software 
Special purpose software 
*Example of General purpose software
Ans : Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word Microsoft powerpoint,open office 
*Example of special purpose software 
Ans : Photoshop, Pagemaker

DATABASE SOFTWARE

*The software that is used for creating database and managing the information stored in them
Ans : Data Base Software
eg: Microsoft SQL, Oracle, My SQL

FILE EXTENSIONS

*MS Word - .docx, .doc
*MS Excel - .xfsx, .xls
*MS ptifref point - .ppf, .pptx 
*Pagemaker - .pmd 
*Photoshop - .psd
*Pictures/images - .jpg, .bmp, .gif, .png
*sound - .wav
*Music - .MP3
*video - avi, .mpeg4 /.mp4, „FIV
*Compressed folder - .Zip, .rar

COMPUTER LANGUAGE

*A primary interface of a programmer with a computer
Ans : Programming language
*The term computer language usually refers to 
Ans : Low-level Language and High-level language

LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE

*Low level language is divided into two, namely:
Ans : Machine language ,Assembly language

MACHINE LANGUAGE

*The lowest level language understood by computer
Ans : Machine language
*The language used by programmers in first generation of computer 
Ans : Machine language
*The language which is used as a machine language
Ans : Binary language
*Machine language uses two binary digits, namely
Ans : Os and Is
*The only language which is understood by a computer
Ans : Machine language

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

*The language which is used to interface with computer hardware
Ans : Assembly language 
*The assembly languages uses symbols instead of numbers. It is known as 
Ans : Mnemonics code 
*The language used in second generation of computer
Ans : Assembly language 
*Assembly language is faster than 
Ans : High level language

HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES

*The language which enables programmer to write program that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer
Ans : High level languages
*High level languages is also called
Ans : Source code
*High level language rules are called
Ans : Syntax
*Examples of High level language: 
Ans : BASIC, FORTRAN, JAVA, C, Pascal
*High level language must be translated into machine language by a
Ans : Compiler or Interpreter

LANGUAGE

           

DEVELOPER

* Java                     James Gosling
* C                           Dennis.M. Ritche
* C                       Bjarne Stroustrup
*B                       Ken Thompson and Den nis. M. Ritche
*FORTRAN       John Backus
*COBOL           Grace Murray Hooper
*BASIC             Thomas.E. Kurtz and John.G. Kemeny
*Logo           Wally Feurzeig and Seymour Papert    
* PASCAL       Niklaus Wirth 
 

 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

*The intelligence exhibited by Machines or software is called
Ans : Artificial Intelligence
* The academic field of study, which studies the goal of creating intelligence
Ans : Artificial Intelligence
*Languages using for Artificial Intelligence 
Ans : LISP and PROLOG